With reduced short-run costs, executive management sees the opportunity for short-run profits, while the income growth of the consumer base is strained.

"The short-run costs are quite minimal," said George G. Kaufman, a finance professor at Loyola University.

The 1990 Economic Report of the President said the "long-term benefits of immigration greatly exceed any short-run costs."

The higher short-run costs make the outlook dubious in a Congress dominated by Republicans who have vowed to eliminate the budget deficit by 2002.

Sustainable development may mean higher short-run costs.

The design and administration of transitional rules in themselves suggest high short-run costs that may well outweigh discounted long-run benefits.

Pricing at short-run marginal cost, the industry will charge a price P 2.

In terms of Figure 18-1, the efficient pricing policy makes prices vary with short-run marginal cost.

To sum up, prices should be set at short-run marginal cost.

In addition, there were energy charges intended to cover short-run marginal costs of operating the plant.