The group stumbled out of the forest in summer 1944 with 1,250 people, most of them working-class Jews who had avoided near-certain liquidation.

It was part of a neighborhood where a mixture of working-class Jews, Christians and Arabs lived.

Socialism became the religion of working-class Dutch Jews, many of whom served in the forefront of the trade union movement, notably in the diamond industry.

Shas is a religious party that doubles as an ethnic pride movement for working-class Jews of Middle Eastern origin.

Now, the winding, tree-lined streets and large stone houses and apartments are home to a mixture of working-class and affluent Jews.

They housed the working-class Jews and the floor a family lived on often told of their financial status, with the top floor of these walk-up buildings representing the lowest status.

The children of those working-class Jews are more affluent, better educated, more likely to live in the suburbs or the fashionable neighborhoods of Manhattan.

Joyce and his kind had given the Communists a ready argument for enlisting working-class Jews in an anti-Fascist crusade.

For instance, Shas, the rigorously Orthodox party that represents working-class Sephardic Jews, is known to be reluctant.