But in the same period, skilled white miners got annual raises of only about 5 percent.

The only death related to this incident was of a white miner killed by police trying to break up the disturbance.

Of course, no white miner would have been subjected to such conditions.

The white miners were put in charge of the teams, but many of them had very little to do.

It was not unusual for a white miner to beat his men if he got into a temper.

However, in trying to train blacks for skilled jobs, they ran into conflict with white miners.

Only a few of the white miners were born in the United States.

The mine owners could hire four Chinese workers for the price of one white miner.

The average black miner earns $250 a month, a third of what white miners make for the same work.

That would still leave them with less than half the typical white miner's wage.