An electron transfer from Fe and Ti can cause a change in the valence state of both.

The cations are reduced at the cathode to deposit in the metallic, zero valence state.

The Jahn-Teller type electron-phonon interaction is strong enough in C solids to destroy the band picture for particular valence states.

Protactinium exhibits two valence states; the +5 is stable, and the +4 state easily oxidizes to protactinium(V).

Metal K-edge is the excitation of a 1s electron to valence bound states localized on the metal.

Nyholm noted that the term 'unusual valence state' had an 'historical, but not chemical significance.'

In principle, lambda nomenclature could be used to specify a non-standard valence state for a heteroatom but, in practice, this is rare.

The (II) refers to one of the valence states, or arrangements of electrons, possible for copper.

Although there are only two valence states, there are three types:

When the external power supply is switched on, the metal at the anode is oxidized from the zero valence state to form cations with a positive charge.