The new president, Alexander Cairncross, urged social scientists of all kinds to join, arguing that economics on its own is "emasculated".

In the lecture he urged scientists to recognize the need for systematic reviews of animal studies.

He urges scientists researching the genetics of autism to be cautious of the ethical implications of their studies.

It is possible, but not proven, that nutritional inadequacies in humans also may aid some viral mutation, the researchers said, urging scientists to look into this possibility.

The W.H.O. panel urged scientists from around the world to agree on standards of the immune tests used.

Believing this unusual cluster held a secret to how the disease might be resisted, Ms. Learmont urged scientists to study these special patients.

In an interview, Dr. Burkman urged scientists to read the articles and reach their own conclusion.

And NASA urged other scientists to undertake even more rigorous tests.

Ms. Stewart, whose presentation will have the same title as her book, will urge children to become oligochaetologists, or scientists who study worms.

Like Christopher Reeve, the paralyzed actor who has urged scientists to experiment on his cells, they do not want to wait.