More recent studies have now confirmed that cooperating networks of unrelated genes contribute significantly more to robustness than gene copy number [Kitami T et al, 2002].

Unless also affected by other, unrelated genes, palominos have dark skin and brown eyes, though some may be born with pinkish skin that darkens with age.

Importantly, intervention on the number or structure of promoter-bound proteins is one key to treating a disease without affecting expression of unrelated genes sharing elements with the target gene.

Ancient conserved paralogous clusters involving multiple functionally unrelated genes have been previously suggested to exist in the human genome [ 28, 29, 30].

So far we have discussed inheritance of traits con- trolled by discrete pairs of unrelated genes.

Our investigation, however, revealed that an unrelated gene, YL-1, intergenically spliced into TMOD4 .

Unless also affected by other, unrelated genes, they maintain dark skin and brown eyes, though some heterozygous dilutes may be born with pink skin that darkens with age.

Many neurodegenerative diseases are caused by genetic mutations, most of which are located in completely unrelated genes.

In contrast, mutation of other genes unrelated to the tumor formation may lead to synthesis of abnormal proteins which are called tumor-associated antigens.

In addition, some of the women may turn out to have mutations in genes entirely unrelated to BRCA1.