This will be the case not only in times of start-up and normal operation but even more at times of stress - for instance, during unionization campaigns, affirmative action disputes or recessions.

The unionization campaign at etown, a division of Collaborative Media, shares another trait with many old-economy companies - management is fiercely resisting the organizing drive.

The organizing drive-the largest successful unionization campaign in the city since 1960, when the United Federation of Teachers itself was formed-added 28,000 workers to the union's 113,000 active and 56,000 retired members.

The unionization campaign began in the spring of 1910.

A Federal court jury today acquitted two managers of the world's largest Coca-Cola bottling company who had been charged with bribing a worker to help undermine a 1994 unionization campaign.

Some states have extended collective bargaining rights to graduate employees in response to unionization campaigns.

Julius Getman, a labor law professor at the University of Texas, says the Justice for Janitors effort is "the largest unionization campaign in the South in years."

"It's the largest unionization campaign in the South in years," said Julius Getman, a labor law professor at the University of Texas.

That unionization campaign described itself as a civil rights movement, saying that it was trying to improve the lives of the hospital staff members, many of whom were black.

Greg Neubauer, a customer service representative at a Verizon Wireless call center in Orangeburg, N.Y., said the unionization campaign there failed because of management's campaign against it.