More general turbulence models have evolved over time, with most modern turbulence models given by field equations similar to the Navier-Stokes equations.

The latter two equations form the well-known k and k-ε turbulence models.

Sometimes it is also called turbulence model.

The flow profile is produced from the chamber geometry, flow rate and particular turbulence model selected.

In case of MEMO turbulence can be treated either with a zero-, one- or two-equation turbulence model.

It doesn't implement any turbulence model and free of arbitrary parameters.

Also influential was a 1994 paper which presented an exactly solvable turbulence model, now called the Kraichnan model.

These packages use the three dimensional Navier-Stokes equations augmented with a decent turbulence model.

In order to solve these real-life flow problems, turbulence models will be a necessity for the foreseeable future.

The earlier MHD turbulence models assumed isotropy of turbulence, while the later models have studied anisotropic aspects.