Despite some suggestive evidence, the notion of electromagnetic radiation as a tumor promoter has by no means been proved.

As an activator of protein kinase C, it is a weak tumor promoter compared to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.

Palytoxin is also classified as a non-TPAtype tumor promoter.

PKC family members also serve as major receptors for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters.

It is a tumor promoter in mammalian cells.

However, it has been reported that PTPN11/Shp2 can act as either tumor promoter or suppressor.

A variety of stimuli, including serum, growth factors, tumor promoters, cytokines, and UV radiation, induce their expression.

In studies with mice and pigs, Canadian investigators have found that antidepressants can act as tumor promoters, hastening the growth of nascent malignancies.

Current consensus on the mode of carcinogenesis is that it acts primarily as a tumor promoter.

Palytoxin is a tumor promoter, and is being studied in relation to signaling pathways in skin cancer genesis.