In existing designs, the storage system can be electric traction batteries, or a flywheel.

Using boost charging at each stop allows to lower the size of the required traction battery.

Heat is derived from the traction battery via a resistance element.

It is also needed to control and charge the main traction battery and also to start the vehicle.

If it is discharged, the vehicle cannot be started, neither can the main traction battery be charged.

The small fuel cell will act as a mini-generator, topping up the traction batteries and increasing vehicle range by up to 100%.

Rechargeable traction batteries are routinely used all day, and fast-charged all night.

Flooded lead-acid batteries are the cheapest and most common traction batteries available.

There has been a continuous, gradual improvement in the specific capacity of the traction battery.

Charging traction batteries saves on energy costs, extends battery life and reduces maintenance costs.