A mass estimate is only possible using theoretical modeling, a situation which has produced mass estimates ranging from 5 to 30 M in the 2000s.

For example, the observational evidence for dark matter has heavily influenced theoretical modeling of structure and galaxy formation.

Most research is experimental though at least one research center is devoted to theoretical modeling.

Methods include case studies and theoretical and empirical modeling of cultural transmission within and across social groups.

The theoretical modeling of the continuum-approximation properties of many real materials often rely upon experimental measurement as well.

This estimate of the temperature is derived from theoretical modeling and laboratory experiments.

Nanoparticles are easiest to study due their ease of fabrication and simplified conditions for theoretical modeling.

Central to feminist economics is an effort to alter the theoretical modeling of the economy, to reduce gender bias and inequity.

Research is carried out in laboratory studies, aircraft, balloon, ground and space-based observations, theoretical modeling, and data analysis.

This requires both observation and theoretical modeling to record what the surface of the star looks like.