Iraq provided Jordan with subsidized oil worth some $500 million last year.

The republic depends on subsidized Soviet oil and steel, as Mr. Gorbachev has reminded them at every stop.

The Ukrainians, who depend on Russian oil, already owe Moscow more than $2 billion for subsidized oil, Western bankers say.

In some years, Cuba earned nearly 40 percent of its hard currency by reselling part of its subsidized Soviet oil abroad.

These nations have relied heavily on subsidized oil from the Soviet Union.

And its economy relied on outsiders for only a few necessities like subsidized oil.

Cuba currently exports considerable health services and personnel to Venezuela in exchange for subsidized oil.

Belarus has refined subsidized Russian oil and resold it at significant profit.

In exchange for sugar, Cuba received subsidized oil, chemical fertilizers, pesticides and other farm products.

Indeed, Cuba hangs on economically only because Venezuela provides it with subsidized oil in much the way the Soviet Union did before it collapsed.