The Tartessian language is an extinct pre-Roman language once spoken in southern Iberia.

The Moorish Kingdom of Granada continued for three more centuries in southern Iberia.

These shared the profits of the silver mines in southern Iberia with the Barcas family and closely followed Hellenistic diplomatic customs.

A more literal-minded later generation of Greeks associated the region with Tartessos in southern Iberia.

A sixth-century Punic-Etruscan treaty reserved for Carthage a commercial monopoly in southern Iberia.

He specialised in the study of birds in southern Iberia.

Carthage proceeded to destroy Tartessos and to drive the Greeks from southern Iberia.

Cadiz became a base of operations for Hannibal's conquest of southern Iberia.

Yet it wasn't until the 12th century that significant gains were made to take back southern Iberia.

In the wake of these events, southern Iberia became de jure and de facto independent from the Caliphate.