Their business is based on trust that runs deep in communities that have sent migrants to the United States for decades.

"This is a guy who comes from a state that has been sending migrants to the United States for 100 years."

Japan, on the other hand, sends not migrants but money.

In Chiapas, which sends few migrants to the United States, the central bank could be including payments by relatives in the United States to smugglers who lead Central Americans into Mexico and on to the United States.

China is bound by treaty with its old ally North Korea to repatriate asylum seekers, who are regarded by North Korea as traitors, and China often quietly sends back North Korean migrants when it catches them.

After independence in 1949, under President Suharto, the program continued and was expanded to send migrants to more areas of the archipelago such as Papua.

By law, the Spanish authorities are supposed to send migrants who manage to get into Ceuta and Melilla to the mainland for interviews before either granting them political asylum or deporting them to their country of origin.

However, beginning in 1936 the Dutch colonial government sent Javanese migrants to colonise the area, which served to relieve overpopulation on Java, and mitigate the influence of Indonesian independence activists.

As a result, both political leaders of sending nations and migrants residing abroad have come to imagine the nation-state as deterritorialized.

I believe that, if we truly want to abide by the goals we have set for our foreign policy in the Treaties, we still have a long way to go before we can send migrants staying illegally in the EU back to Libya.