A mechanism whereby IL-4 may alter IL-10 and IL-1Ra levels could involve the regulation of transcription factors that regulate the respective genes for these cytokines.

But in almost all these cases the respective genes have not been located or isolated, and the DNA defects are thus totally unknown.

On one hand it is a source for many enzymes with interesting properties and the respective genes, for instance glucoamylase, tannase, lipase, phosphatases and many others.

So enzymes which synthesize or breakdown neurotransmitters, receptors, and ion channels are each made from mRNA via the DNA transcription of their respective gene or genes.

We use classical genetic approaches to show that the respective genes encoding RNA triphosphatase and RNA guanylyltransferase are essential in S. pombe.

Complete methylation led to silencing of respective genes (no transcripts), whereas absence of gene methylation was associated with constitutive gene expression.

Their presence is regulated at the transcriptional level of the respective genes.

Studies are facilitated by their respective genes being located adjacent to the PKS genes, and many are therefore readily identifiable.

Thirteen different mutations in the respective gene, which is located at chromosome 12p13 and encodes the ubiquitous housekeeping enzyme triosephosphate isomerase (TPI), have been discovered so far.

The data table can be used to plot a phylogenetic tree that would indicate the relationship of the organisms based on the restriction pattern obtained from their respective 16s genes.