Then (for a given total reproductive output ), the timing of offspring production is selectively neutral.

Resistant individuals often have reduced reproductive output, life expectancy, mobility, etc.

Those species with high reproductive output adapted better to the unstable new ecology.

In these plants, sexual reproduction is rare and does not contribute significantly to reproductive output.

This fiddleneck has low reproductive output; it produces few seeds per plant.

Another source of the variation in reproductive output is Spotted Owl age.

Nest areas dominated by small trees had lower site occupancy and reproductive output.

Their reproductive output is highest in summer following high rainfalls.

Such effects may ultimately result in reduced reproductive output of birds subject to high levels of environmental noise.

Annual reproductive output is low according to predictions based on body size.