By providing close kin with inherited wealth, an individual may improve his or her kin's reproductive opportunities and thus increase his or her own inclusive fitness even after death.

They had to contend with two extremely unforgiving biological constraints: four sexes and a narrow window of reproductive opportunity.

Upon reaching sexual maturity, an age cohort may choose to leave the group and attempt to oust the males from another group in order to attain increased reproductive opportunities.

Females are more inclined to find resources in a male to be more important than actual reproductive opportunities.

Some females skip reproductive opportunities.

However, the costs incurred to the defeated, which include loss of reproductive opportunities and quality food, can hinder the individual's fitness.

Local valuation may affect social standing, reproductive opportunities, or even survival.

Some social dominance behaviors tend to increase reproductive opportunity, while others tend to raise the survival rates of an individual's offspring.

However, the fragmented habitats may prevent the establishment of new territories and decrease reproductive opportunities.