Symmetrical males gain an reproductive advantage because of the female mate choice.

It confers no reproductive advantage, so there's no reason we should have evolved brains capable of thinking about such a question.

That can be a huge reproductive advantage, because it's easy to have a large number of children - your mating options are doubled, compared to humans.

Resident males appear to be territorial and dominate others with their larger body size, but they do not appear to have any reproductive advantage.

The resident male then turns into a female and reproductive advantages of the large female-small male combination continue.

Under such conditions, which can be caused by too much algal growth, or eutrophication, the reproductive advantage that larger fish normally have disappears.

It will spell out the particular reproductive advantages to particular moral codes.

The theory states that organisms which learned to fear environmental threats faster had a survival and reproductive advantage.

A large number of complete but unoccupied nests gives the males a reproductive advantage.