The nature of the state of Israel; (e.g. in what ways should it represent Judaism and in what ways should it represent secular democracy?)

Lapin also rejects the idea that the Jewish left represents Judaism.

It is important to delegitimize these people, to totally isolate them, to say this does not represent Judaism.

When synthesized, one can discern that the Pharisees represented mainstream Judaism in the Hellenistic world, while the Sadducees represented a more aristocratic elite.

The latter work contains the famous parable of the three rings, in which three sons represent the three Abrahamic religions, Christianity, Judaism, and Islam.

The central figure sits in the lotus position, while de Haan, although presented as wild, represents Judaism and its association with wisdom.

He was the former chairman of the International Jewish Committee for Interreligious Consultations, which represents Judaism in talks with the Vatican and other world religious bodies.

This provided the condition for various sects to develop within Judaism over the coming centuries, each of which claimed to represent "Judaism".

At the same time that the Pharisees came to represent Judaism as a whole, Christianity came to seek, and attract, more non-Jewish converts than Jewish converts.

At its top are four faces representing Buddhism, Christianity, Islam and Judaism.