The toxins are necrotoxic to renal tissue (Schwartzmann reaction), and produce a range of side effects, from mild uraemic toxaemia to acute renal failure.

Gb3 is, for unknown reasons, present in greater amounts in renal epithelial tissues, to which the renal toxicity of Shiga toxin may be attributed.

Renal dysplasia is a type of familial renal disease characterized by abnormal cellular differentiation of renal tissue.

Bacterial cultures of renal tissue are almost always positive.

Generally, humans can live normally with just one kidney, as one has more functioning renal tissue than is needed to survive.

Microscopic evaluation of biopsied renal tissue will reveal linear deposits of Immunoglobulin G by immunofluorescence.

The species infecting molluscs tend to infect the renal tissue.

This includes those patients who have a solitary kidney or those with decreased renal function and who require maximal preservation of renal tissue.

Glis2 plays an essential role in the maintenance of renal tissue through prevention of apoptosis and fibrosis.

Renal biopsy can also be used if the two methods just described are inconclusive or if the specific viral load for the renal tissue is desired.