Holbrook declined to disclose any specific information produced by the investigation, citing federal privacy laws that prohibit universities from publicly discussing academic information about students.

A pair of pending lawsuits, Mr. Ford wrote, would prohibit Michigan and other universities "from even considering race as one of many factors weighed by admission counselors."

Oregon has even had to adjust to a N.C.A.A. rule prohibiting universities from flying recruits on private planes.

He voted against a bill that would have prohibited colleges and universities from using racial preferences in admissions.

California's Proposition 209, which prohibits public universities from considering race and ethnicity in their admissions decisions, is closing doors to black and Hispanic students at an alarming rate.

In 2004, the NLRB again reversed itself and prohibited Brown University and other private universities from unionizing.

His bill would also prohibit colleges and universities from using the vans.

The Department of Education has decided to begin prohibiting colleges and universities that receive Federal funds from offering scholarships designated for minority students.

The rule, adopted in 1992, prohibits universities from using a student-athlete's name or picture, and forbids athletes from promoting commercial ventures.