Ideally, the professors contend, managers' performance should be compared with the best return emerging from real-time simulations.

"It is a feudal system," the professor contended.

Because the "Rest" are so different, the professor contends, it is an error to try to universalize such Western concepts as human rights.

The professors viewed the compromise bill as possibly acceptable, but contended that it was weakened by the legislative history that its sponsors wrote to accompany it.

Other professors contended that although ratings might be useful for choosing a refrigerator or car, they commodify education in an unhealthy way.

The assistant professor, Clare Dalton, has contended that the Harvard Law School faculty voted last June to deny her tenure because of her politics and her gender.

The professors contend that the relatively basic subject matter changes little.

In the daily newspaper Libération, one former professor at Sciences Po contended that from now on when a nonwhite graduate presents a diploma, it will automatically be suspect.

Further, she and the other professors contended, Nielsen's estimate of 16.9 million American users of the World Wide Web should have been 11.5 million.

With such students present in great numbers, the bottom brings the top down, many professors contend.