Selective enforcement of the poll tax was frequently also used to disqualify black and poor white voters.
Bucaram's negative campaign struck a chord among many poor voters.
But they said poor and minority voters may have suffered disproportionately.
Obama won extremely poor voters with less than a $15,000 family income by a margin of 58-42.
They both hear all the talk about the poor, undereducated Christian voter and laugh.
But those same qualities made him a hero to poor voters.
Paul Tsongas has nothing to say to poor voters.
Martinelli was also helped by strong support from the business community and his campaign promise of "real change" resonated among poor voters.
They were especially strong in rural ridings and amongst poor voters.
Black leaders are not the only ones to worry about declining interest among poor voters.