Especially, the indistinguishable relation of oxygen isotopes cannot be explained by the classical form of this hypothesis.

During this extinction event there were several marked changes in biologically responsive carbon and oxygen isotopes.

This oxygen isotope is therefore rich in the gas phase of water in clouds.

Over a shorter time scale (ten million years) changes in the sulfur cycle are easier to observe and can be even better constrained with oxygen isotopes.

It depends on vaporizing a small sample from the surface of the stone so as to measure the ratio of oxygen isotopes.

Among them, the method of the triple oxygen isotopes has the additional advantage of not needing incubations in closed containers.

There was a time when extrapolating historical events by studying oxygen isotopes trapped in ice bubbles would have seemed just as strange.

Lighter oxygen isotopes (O) are left behind in coral during periods of very heavy rainfall.

This ratio of oxygen isotopes is the key to using otoliths as paleothermometers.

If the oxygen isotopes are later quently sealed in rock sediments or ice, a record of the temperature survives.