But these functions can be replaced by on-line publishing, cheaper and more efficiently.

A further development is the growth of on-line publishing where no physical books are produced.

IN the beginning, magazine publishers viewed on-line publishing as a dubious experiment that was simply an electronic extension of their publications.

They tend to take the view from 10,000 feet, a vantage point not often seen in on-line publishing.

Scholars who pour years of research into hundreds of pages are finding modest rewards in on-line publishing.

There is one new category this year, though: New Media, to reflect the emergence of on-line publishing.

Indeed, one of the Mellon projects suggests that on-line publishing may increase hardcover sales.

Experts on on-line publishing say that the details of these graphic devices will determine whether the program is in fact misleading.

We think this is the future of on-line publishing.

"They want a lower exposure to the advertising-driven business and to get into on-line publishing."