Graduating, with interests in finance and nonprofit housing, he searched unsuccessfully for jobs in Burlington, Vermont's largest city.

In the growing world of city-financed nonprofit housing, social services run from optional, supportive programs to unjustified, demeaning and unlawful control.

The Clinton Administration, House Republicans, advocates of nonprofit housing and the tax-shelter managers all agree that changes must be made, and quickly.

THE remaining 46 properties were assembled in packages for which for-profit and nonprofit housing operators were invited to bid.

And they demonstrate the potential of the city's nonprofit housing and community development groups.

"We'd love to build nonprofit senior-citizen housing or a senior center or something like that," the pastor said.

The cause was apparently a heart attack, said Steve Coe, executive director of Community Access, a nonprofit housing and advocacy agency for the mentally ill.

Mr. Cuomo will work full-time running Help, a organization he founded that brings government and private developers together to build nonprofit housing for the homeless.

In other programs, particularly those involving nonprofit low-income housing, the city pays the complete cost of reconstruction, which can average $65,000 to $80,000 an apartment.

Mr. Biderman said the cost was so great that only the government, working with managers of nonprofit housing, could be expected to produce residential hotels.