These materials focused on classroom autonomy, and learners were taught various phrases they could use to negotiate meaning, such as "What's the word for ."

The strategies used when negotiating meaning may include slowing down speech, speaking more deliberately, requests for clarification or repair of speech, or paraphrases.

Effective communication depends on the immediate and automatic access to linguistic forms so that the mind can consciously engage in the more creative business of negotiating meaning.

Long points out that in native speaker/non-native speaker (NS/NNS) interactions, both participants collaborate in recipient design by employing strategies for negotiating meaning.

These give participants the opportunity to (re)negotiate existing meaning.

It is reasonable to suppose that children enter a communication task as active interactants ready to ask questions and generally negotiate meaning because that is what they do all the time in the world outside the laboratory.

We negotiate meaning, we disagree or approve, we are moved, overwhelmed or underwhelmed.So, I sincerely believe that books are my good friends, sometimes rough, sometimes pretentious, sometimes arrogant, other times brilliant.

For example, parents seem to know intuitively how to scaffold their children's attempts at negotiating meaning through oral language.

In life and in dramatic playing the 'others' are fellow participants with whom one is negotiating meaning.

Transcripts can be used to determine the quantity and quality of interactions in negotiating meaning of the course material.