During the 1970s and 1980s, United States administrations had favored an issue-by-issue approach in negotiating such economic disputes with Japan.

It may be less messy to negotiate and settle disputes quickly, but Mr. Giuliani knew that if underlying conflicts are not addressed, they always get messier, and he was willing to take a stand.

"There's also a practical aspect to this," Mr. Zisholtz said, explaining that considering the expense of litigation, it usually pays to negotiate such disputes.

Judge Higginbotham, who retired from the bench last year, went with an international team to South Africa to negotiate disputes between political factions prior to the elections there.

Before and during his term, he negotiated territorial disputes between Brazil and some of its neighbours and consolidated the borders of modern Brazil.

In his comments to Arab journalists, Prince Sultan also said that the "law of the jungle" had no place in negotiating border settlements and other disputes.

By the 9th century each of these small states had things, or tings (local or regional assemblies), for negotiating and settling disputes.

He was known for his fair dealings with the Indians, negotiating disputes and arranging for captives to be freed.

They provide information that patients rarely get from their doctors, like encyclopedic discussions on an array of medical topics, access to articles in medical journals and in some cases guidance on negotiating health-insurance disputes.

It was a good idea to meet at intervals, exchange information, negotiate accumulated disputes, plan joint undertakings.