necessitation

In that freedom there is no necessitation, what dare I say more?

There is no independent necessitation of change and becoming, other than what God has ordained.

The point is that causation and necessitation aren't the same thing (implication has nothing to do with it).

Hence as a faculty, it is absolutely necessary in itself, and is not subject to any external necessitation.

Those who propound the background view deny or doubt the necessitation view, of course, but they need not.

There is something more important, which is that the essential idea of the background view does not in itself conflict with our necessitation view.

It may be that these ways of speaking can be explicated at bottom only by way or the idea of necessitation.

Nor, again, is it conceivable that it should persist eternally by the necessitation of a soul.

Necessitation rule: implies .

The law of Kia is its own arbiter, beyond necessitation, who can grasp the nameless Kia?

However, there seems to be very strong reason indeed to think that there cannot be an acceptable account of effects as we conceive them which does not include necessitation.

The new law shall be the arcana of the mystic unbalanced "Does not mattter- need not be," there is no necessitation, "please yourself" is its creed.

Hilbert systems for propositional modal logics, sometimes called Hilbert-Lewis systems, are generally axiomatised with two additional rules, the necessitation rule and the uniform substitution rule.

As for modal logic, the inference rules modus ponens and necessitation suffice also for dynamic logic as the only primitive rules it needs, as noted above.

What gives what persuasiveness it has to the probabilistic idea about causation is neither such an argument for it nor the earlier diagnosis of the appeal of the opposed view about necessitation.

The thought must indeed come to mind with probability theory and the Probability Calculus, and their being imported into causation, despite what was said above about the logical consistency of probability theory and necessitation.

The alternatives have for the most part consisted in elusive doctrines of "natural necessity", causal "power", "agency" or some kind of "logical connection" and in inexplicit declarations of the reality of causal necessitation.

To return finally to our present conceptual concern, it does not follow either, from the fact that in parts of science there is a dependence on probability, that the subject-matter is not conceived in terms of necessitation.

In the case of modal logics, the collection of maximal consistent sets extending a theory T (closed under the necessitation rule) can be given the structure of a model of T, called the canonical model.

Non-normal worlds were introduced by Saul Kripke in 1965 as a purely technical device to provide semantics for modal logics weaker than the system K - in particular, modal logics that reject the rule of necessitation:

But because obligation involves not merely practical necessity expressed in a law as such, but also actual necessitation, the categorical imperative is a law either of command or prohibition, according as the doing or not doing of an action is represented as a duty.

For example, we identify a superintuitionistic logic L with its standard consequence relation axiomatizable by modus ponens and axioms, and we identify a normal modal logic with its global consequence relation axiomatized by modus ponens, necessitation, and axioms.

These operators can be axiomatized in dynamic logic as follows, taking as already given a suitable axiomatization of modal logic including such axioms for modal operators as the above-mentioned axiom and the two inference rules modus ponens ( and implies ) and necessitation ( implies ).

Whatever may be true of the world, and, as follows from what has been said of necessitation, our conception of an effect is not a conception of an event that occurs if a usual background exists, or an event which follows on something required for it, but might not have occurred, or a merely probable event.