A 100-fold molar excess of either wild-type (-71 to -50) or mutant oligonucleotides was used in competition assays.

To assess the specificity of binding, we repeated the experiment in the presence and absence of a 1000-fold molar excess of unlabeled agonist (2 μM).

To control for this observation, we added an unlabeled, inactive Hh agonist to the binding assay at 2 μM (a 1000-fold molar excess).

Methaemoglobin was made in a similar fashion, except that two fold molar excess of potassium ferricyanide was used instead of sodium hydrosulphite.

Competition with the same, unlabeled oligonucleotide in 1, 10 or 100 molar excess of the radiolabeled probed indicated specific binding.

Crystallizing with a molar excess of one cocrystal former may produce a cocrystal by a decrease in solubility of that one component.

For reconstitution of holoenzymes, the reconstituted core enzymes were mixed with four-fold molar excess of σ 70 subunit.

The most important regulatory molecule for IL-1α activity is IL-1Ra, which is usually produced in a 10- to 100-fold molar excess.

To further substantiate these results, we pre-incubated the nuclear extract with a 500 molar excess of wild type or mutated oligonucleotides.

Studies demonstrated that FH2 domains protect the rapidly elongating barbed ends of filaments from the vast molar excesses of capping proteins.