The processes use a high power solid state laser focused onto a metal substrate to create a 1 mm diameter melt pool.

The metal substrate (steel or aluminum) is delivered in coil form from the rolling mills.

Hydrogen evolved on the front amorphous silcon surface decorated with various catalysts while oxygen evolved off the back metal substrate.

These were focused onto a metal substrate that had an array of holes drilled into it.

Thiols are frequently used on noble metal substrates because of the strong affinity of sulfur for these metals.

The PAI aids in adhering the fluoropolymer to the metal substrate.

Photo-initiated cements cannot be used in cases involving opaque structures such as metal substrates.

This method uses metal substrates with the most common metal being gold.

This method uses source and the atomic structure of a metal substrate to seed the growth of the graphene (epitaxial growth).

Scratches exposing the metal substrate will result in corrosion.