These deficits were linked to maternal exposure to perchlorate.

It may be inherited or develop as a result of maternal environmental exposures during pregnancy, such as consumption of alcohol.

Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate affects lipid profiling in fetal rat brain upon maternal exposure.

Transplacental infection also follows maternal exposure after midgestation, but fetuses usually survive without obvious clinical effects in utero.

Studies have shown that both maternal cigarette smoking and maternal exposure to secondhand smoke increased the risk for neural tube defects in offspring.

It can be caused from genetic factors or maternal environmental exposures during pregnancy, such as drinking alcohol or using tobacco.

Motherisk receives over 35,000 safety-related questions each year about maternal exposures during pregnancy and lactation.

Several studies have provided evidence that even low maternal exposures to lead produce intellectual and behavioral deficits in children.

Environmental factors refer for example to maternal smoking and the maternal exposure to amine-containing drugs.