A study by political economists Peter Gourevitch and James Shinn describes corporate governance in US and a number of high income democracies as 'managerism', a system in which managerial elites are in a strong position to extract resources.

The victims - over 30,000 - included most of Martinique's social and managerial elite.

There will be only two classes - the Insiders with their managerial elite and their enforcers at the top, and the other 99 per cent of the population, made up of slave-drones, at the bottom.

But he also drew on the experience of European fascism, and the American New Deal era, to suggest that a new managerial elite was in the process of assuming control across all contemporary political systems.

There is a good reason why members of the upper managerial elite, which is to say bankers, corporate lawyers, C.E.O.'s, foundation heads and the like, don't usually run for office.

Space programmes also highlight contrasts in administrative and managerial elites.

As a rule he spent most of his time holed up in the Executive Building with the others of the managerial elite who had transcended the mortal plane of solder guns, screwdrivers, and rolled-up shirtsleeves.

These stone or adobe buildings had up to four stories, and were probably used by the managerial or religious elites.

Mr. Honecker successfully steered East Germany away from Stalinism toward the high-technology pragmatism of a new managerial elite.

Francis also said, however, that ideology helps the managerial elite increase its grip on society: