Thanks to three decades of more-or-less open-door immigration policy, the market for low-skilled labor is greatly oversupplied.

Professor Lindert said the market for low-skilled labor, in particular, was likely to tighten in the coming decades.

Immigration increased even further from 1962-1972 when economic growth in Europe occurred, which led to a greater demand for low-skilled labour.

Host countries view the circular migration of highly skilled and educated migrants as positive, while low-skilled labor is often viewed more negatively.

The H-2 program is a nonimmigrant visa given on a temporary basis for "low-skilled labor" in the United States.

Each year 120,000 foreign workers receive visas to do farm work or other low-skilled labor, usually for three to nine months.

Other industries employing low-skilled labor will also be hard hit and will contract, eliminating jobs for American workers.

This earned the Japanese criticism for hording their best technology at home, and using foreign workers as low-skilled labor.

One case includes a developed country purchasing imports from a developing country, which in turn replaces products made with domestic low-skilled labor.

Arbeiter in public service serve mostly in low-skilled labor such as construction, waste collection or manual office work.