It should be particularly effective with low-income and elderly voters.

These were the low-income voters in densely populated neighborhoods that had changed the most because of immigration.

Mr. Dukakis led among blacks, low-income voters, Democrats and in households where at least one member belonged to a union.

Democrats assert that the challenges would disproportionately single out low-income and minority voters, which Republicans deny.

The teachers were angered by the diversion of $360 million from education aid to property tax relief, and low-income voters opposed the sales tax increase.

Full-face touch screen will put low-income and minority voters at a particular disadvantage.

"So he loses independents and low-income voters," said an Obama campaign official.

Southern senators had spent days filibustering legislation to end poll taxes used in the South to disenfranchise blacks and other low-income voters.

The idea is to make low-income voters a force too strong to be ignored.

That disdain, he said, led them to curb the role of low-income voters in party politics.