This radical precept subverts much of "utility theory," the longstanding economic doctrine that says we weigh gain and loss rationally.

And Pentagon officials emphasize that they are not yet ready to abandon the longstanding legal doctrine barring the military's involvement in law enforcement activities in the United States.

Lawyers for Mr. Hamilton and Random House, his publisher, argued that the unauthorized use of the letters was legal under the longstanding doctrine of fair use.

Chief Justice Roberts wrote the opinion, invoking a longstanding doctrine that taxpayers generally may not go to federal court with policy disputes in which they cannot demonstrate a concrete stake.

Professor Reisman said there was a longstanding doctrine that allows countries to use military force to enforce humanitarian concerns.

By so ruling, the judge set aside longstanding legal doctrines that regard biology as the primary determinant of parentage.

And what was involved was not some longstanding legal doctrine in the executive branch, supported by different administrations over many years.

Judge Ricardo M. Urbina on Monday ruled that the defendants had acted in their official government capacity and thus a longstanding legal doctrine made them immune from such a lawsuit.

To insure effective military operations, longstanding doctrine calls for a clearly defined chain of command, the shorter the better.

Then Chief Justice Rehnquist applied a longstanding doctrine that courts may try defendants without regard to how they were brought before them.