The linguistic makeup of the city was 73.8%% francophone, 15.2% anglophone, and 9.5% all other languages combined.

The district's linguistic makeup is 92.37% Finnish and 7.63% Swedish.

The district's linguistic makeup is 95.03% Finnish, and 4.97% Swedish.

The district's linguistic makeup is 93.62% Finnish and 6.38% Swedish.

Also included in their study was the nature of the population, its size, age distribution, ethnic and linguistic makeup.

The district's linguistic makeup is 92% Finnish, 1% Swedish, and 7% other.

The district's linguistic makeup is 87.82% Finnish, 1.55% Swedish, and 10.93% other.

The district's linguistic makeup is 87.25% Finnish and 12.75% Swedish.

The district's linguistic makeup is 76.66% Finnish, 4.51% Swedish, and 18.82% other.

The district's linguistic makeup is 94.94% Finnish, and 5.06% Swedish.