Advances in laser cooling have allowed cooling of neutral atoms down to nanokelvin temperatures.

When laser cooling was proposed in 1975, a theoretical limit on the lowest possible temperature was predicted.

All four were recognized for their work in laser cooling of atoms, which is directly related to the development and advancement of the atomic clock.

He and his associates first demonstrated laser cooling of neutral atoms in 1981.

First demonstration of laser cooling of neutral atoms.

The most common method of laser cooling is Doppler cooling.

The use of laser cooling has produced temperatures less than a billionth of a kelvin.

One way of doing this would be to use slower atoms, and laser cooling is ideal for this purpose.

However, laser cooling is limited by the momentum recoils an atom receives from single photons.

Generally, laser cooling has been only used on the atomic level to cool down elements.