In his attempt to create a constitution he offered to pay $2,500,000 to the national treasury if the nobles and land-owning classes dropped their opposition.

Cleric-landowner conflict was usually contained within very limited parameters given that the senior ulema were usually the sons of the land-owning class.

Since most members of the land-owning classes were smallhold farmers and craftsmen, the silver spoon was primarily a lower-middle-class cultural marker.

Many peasants fell into debt and were forced to become either hired laborers or rent-paying tenants of the land-owning classes.

This was important, since the white owners were using this as a device to prevent other races from entering the land-owning middle class.

Troops were mostly horse archers drawn from the land-owning class, with increasing numbers of artillery and musketeers.

His other laws introduced the entail system regulating the inheritance of the land-owning class.

This was very good for the land-owning classes, since it meant that they had a vast reserve of inexpensive manpower upon which they could draw.

This should remind us that not all enclosures were made by the land-owning class, but could be the work of the peasants themselves.

Most of the candidates came from the numerically small but relatively wealthy land-owning scholar-official class.