The cosmopolitan virus is carried by a multitude of invertebrate hosts, including drosophilae and honey bees, which are not affected by the disease.

The vertebrate hosts are reptiles or birds but the invertebrate hosts are not known for many of the species.

The species can be classified as phoretic or necromenic based on their relationship to their invertebrate host.

They display very low host-specificity and a single parasite can infect a large range of invertebrate hosts.

The invertebrate hosts belong to the flies of the genus Simulium.

The host invertebrate provides a safe environment.

Metabolic interactions between algal symbionts and invertebrate hosts.

The invertebrate host is the tick Amblyomma rotondatum.

Fertilization and sporogony in the invertebrate host.

Sexual reproduction and sporogenic development occur within the haemocoel of the invertebrate host, which is subsequently consumed by the vertebrate host.