Newton and Leibniz independently, without knowing each other, invented calculus.

In the 300 years since Isaac Newton invented calculus, mathematicians and physicists had mastered the analysis of systems like that, where causes are strictly proportional to effects, and the whole is exactly equal to the sum of the parts.

Hamilton also invented "icosian calculus", which he used to investigate closed edge paths on a dodecahedron that visit each vertex exactly once.

After Newton and Leibniz invented calculus, they still referred to this integration problem as squaring a curve.

He invented calculus independently of Newton, and his notation is the one in general use since then.

Isaac Newton invented calculus to study the motion of objects.

Newton extended Descartes' mathematics by inventing calculus (contemporaneously with Leibniz).

This one naked ape invented differential calculus!

Sir Isaac Newton and Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented calculus, with different notations, in the 1680's.

Among the thinkers who noticed this was Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, who invented calculus independently of Newton.