The development of these manufacturing coordination and integration methods and tools made today's ERP systems possible.

By far the most important trick is the use of a proper integration method, as already outlined above.

Typical integration methods used in a discrete element method are:

Although this solved the problem of having multiple data providers requiring unique integration methods, this was by far the most expensive option.

For simplicity, the following example uses the simplest integration method, the Euler method.

The other work (like HotSpot) uses the integration method where it needs all previous points to obtain the temperature at certain running point.

Numerical integration methods can generally be described as combining evaluations of the integrand to get an approximation to the integral.

This integration method can be combined with interval arithmetic to produce computer proofs and verified calculations.

The method requires the use of differential equations, specifically numerical integration methods.

We sometimes forget that there are many within our European societies who want to see better integration methods employed as well as coordination.