By purchasing works through authorized services, consumers can avoid the risks of infringement liability and can limit their exposure to other potential risks, e.g., viruses, unexpected material, or spyware.

This doctrine is extremely valuable to patent holders, because it prevents competitors from avoiding infringement liability simply by making minor changes in what would otherwise be exact copies.

The bill limits the infringement liability of Internet access providers that unknowingly store, transmit or link World Wide Web users to copyrighted material.

He added, "If that is true, the only way to reduce the right of infringement liability is to delete today in advance of the claim they may make tomorrow."

The copyright law provides exemptions from infringement liability by authorizing certain uses under particularized circumstances.

One thing I would like to point out is that P2P applications (and servers) that are found to have substantial non-infringing uses are not necessarily protected from contributory infringement liability.

If the intermediary fails to sever ties with the website, there is no infringement liability, only an order from the court to comply and possible penalties if they refuse and are held in contempt.

This defence can be pleaded in order to avoid infringement liability.

In any event, the Quanta decision appears to hold that the exhaustion doctrine shields from infringement liability the foregoing motor purchaser that incorporates the motor into a disk drive.

With reference to trade in tangible merchandise, such as the retailing of goods bearing a trademark, the first sale doctrine serves to immunize a reseller from infringement liability.