There are also skating competitions organized for professional skaters by independent promoters.

One independent promoter bragged to a source of mine that he's making more money now than he ever did.

So, he said, "if you want to pitch a song, you have to go through the independent promoter."

And it hired independent promoters to funnel money to radio stations.

The company is also expected to end its relationships with independent promoters unless they meet strict new guidelines, a prospect that many consider unlikely.

And increasingly, they have turned to independent promoters.

Recent reports claim that independent promoters pay radio stations to add new songs to their playlists.

Alternative music and events and nightclubs remain in the hands of independent promoters.

And the labels turned to independent promoters to avoid direct involvement with the stations.

By 1985, the labels were handing the independent promoters, collectively, as much as $80 million a year.