Luxembourg has been an independent grand duchy since 9 June 1815.

The city was founded in 1221 and served as the capital of an independent duchy from 1377 to 1523.

In the eleventh century the region had loosened its close connections with the kingdom of Poland and subsequently for some years formed an independent duchy.

So Somma thought of moving it to Pomerania ("an independent duchy in the 12th century").

Charles Martel tried to make use of the situation in order to gain more control over the independent duchy.

The new duché-pairie in Gascony had to be dismantled and an independent duchy re-created.

The Lombards controlled the interior in a loose confederation of fiercely independent duchies.

In the 11th century, they created an independent duchy.

Later an independent duchy from around 910 to its partition in 959 into:

Although it was very small, Saxe-Hildburghausen was an independent duchy from 1680 to 1826.