However, like most states, New York this year is electing a governor who can't be shielded by gerrymandered districts.
These included gerrymandered districts and at-large elections, devices that were ultimately ruled in violation of the law by the courts.
The old 3rd District was a gerrymandered congressional district.
He was widely criticized by the minority party for creating gerrymandered districts to weaken their electoral base.
In fact, as the Kennedy article details, she is highly critical of the gerrymandered districts drawn recently to assure Congressional seats for blacks and other minorities.
Its taxicabs have a suspect fee structure as gerrymandered as the map of Congressional voting districts.
But neither Federal requirements for equality nor the Voting Rights Act require gerrymandered districts.
The Supreme Court will soon rule on a case about a gerrymandered Congressional district in North Carolina.
Gerrymandering also has significant effects on the representation received by voters in gerrymandered districts.
The answer to Shaw v. Reno is not to return to white gerrymandered districts or to retain black ones.