He has contributed to topics in field such as halo model of the galaxy distribution in the large-scale structure, and has developed ways to measure and quantify physical properties of dark energy and dark matter in the universe.

More recently, Dr. Carruthers focused on the statistics and dynamics of galaxy distributions.

Simulations of a universe full of cold dark matter produce galaxy distributions that are roughly similar to that which is observed.

"The question is, Are the imprints that we see in the microwave background still apparent in the galaxy distribution that we see today?"

But he concluded that if the galaxy distribution is regular, "it is safe to say we understand less than zero about the early universe."

From the observed galaxy distribution in 1992 Paal et al. suggested non zero cosmological constant.

De Lapparent, Geller and Huchra described the galaxy distribution as apparently lying on the "surfaces of bubble-like structures".

The fact that the lenticular galaxy distribution rises with increasing observed axial ratio implies that lenticulars are dominated by a central bulge component.

Exhaustive maps of galaxy distributions now being produced by projects like the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the 2-Degree Field survey may answer those questions, Dr. Pogosyan said.

Higher order statistics such as the three-point function or the bispectrum, which combine measurements of the CMBR anisotropy and galaxy distribution will be able to break degeneracies between geometry, growth of structure and spatial curvature.