Last year's figures were boosted by strong foreign-exchange earnings and a £122 million write-back from third world debt provisions.

It would soak up the excess currency in circulation by incentives (hard goods or dollar-denominated dividends) and provide a ready market for surpluses of foreign-exchange earnings.

However, beginning in 1987 the decline in world coffee prices, reduced Ethiopia's foreign-exchange earnings.

Land reform lowered agricultural output, especially in tobacco, which accounted for one-third of Zimbabwe's foreign-exchange earnings.

Although the big banks' foreign-exchange earnings have grown sharply, they are volatile, like the market itself.

More than 40 percent of the country's foreign-exchange earnings are being consumed by the debt.

On average, revenue increases by 36.4% per year, and foreign-exchange earnings (530 million in 2009) increase by around 35.8%.

This declaration connects monetary remittances of overseas workers as the top foreign-exchange earnings in the Philippines.

Property values in Hong Kong plunged, as did China's foreign-exchange earnings, as trade and tourism ground to a halt.

As a result of the military economic policy of the 1980s, 45% of foreign-exchange earnings were going into debt servicing and there was very little growth.