Such a force law could also result if the Earth were surrounded by a spherical dust cloud of uniform density.

Nevertheless many states have adopted escalation of force laws along with provisions for concealed carry.

These two laws can be used to derive Ampère's force law above, resulting in the relationship: .

In the following sections, we show that those force laws do produce stable, exactly closed orbits (a sufficient condition).

Based on Newton's force law he considered a model in which the gravitational field is defined as a radiation field or fluid.

With these expressions, Ampere's force law can be expressed as:

For more information, see the article: Ampère's force law.

This force law had earlier been proposed by Abraham, and Nordström knew that it wouldn't work.

In particular, the force law between charged particles is affected.

It obeys the force law associated with a dipole.