Another $91,000 that Congress appropriated for research into foreign animal diseases went to Burns and Roe for legal fees to fight unionization, according to Government documents.

Fearing a costly stoppage like the General Motors strike, an employer who wants to keep out a union can be expected to fight unionization all the more.

Union officials said that the company's insistence on retaining the right to fight unionization there set a bad tone over the negotiations.

Meat packing plants, like many industries in the early 20th century, were known to overwork their employees, failed to maintain adequate safety measures, and actively fought unionization.

A cadre of consultants has emerged, ostensibly to help church-affiliated hospitals steer their way through labor law but in many cases simply to fight unionization.

Hospitals that fear lower profits have also fought unionization, and the Justice Department has opposed one organizing effort on antitrust grounds.

For 16 years, California's premier public university has fought unionization by its 9,000 graduate students, two-thirds of whom have joined, union officials say.

In North Carolina, farm workers rallied to pressure the Mount Olive Pickle Company to stop fighting unionization.

Verizon executives also assert that managers of the wireless operation are not fighting unionization.

Labor unions also plan to ask immigrant groups, ethnic groups and clergy members to push for new laws and to press companies not to fight unionization.